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{664} References

      Reptiles and Amphibians
      Arnold, S. J. (1976) "Sexual Behavior, Sexual Interference, and Sexual Defense in the Salamanders Ambystoma maculatum, Ambystoma trigrinum, and Plethodon jordani." Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 42:247-300.
      Bulova, S. J. (1994) "Patterns of Burrow Use by Desert Tortoises: Gender Differences and Seasonal Trends." Herpetological Monographs 8:133-43.
      Cole, C. J., and C. R. Townsend (1983) "Sexual Behavior in Unisexual Lizards." Animal Behavior 31:724-28.
      Crews, D., and K. T. Fitzgerald (1980) "'Sexual' Behavior in Parthenogenetic Lizards (Cnemidophorous)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 77:499-502.
      Crews, D., and L. J. Young (1991) "Pseudocopulation in Nature in a Unisexual Whiptail Lizard." Animal Behavior 42:512-14.
      Crews, D., J. E. Gustafson, and R. R. Tokarz (1983) "Psychobiology of Parthenogenesis." In R. B. Huey, E. R. Pianka, and T. W. Schoener, eds., Lizard Ecology: Studies of a Model Organism, pp. 205-31. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
      Eifler, D. A. (1993) "Cnemidophorus uniparens (Desert Grassland Whiptail). Behavior." Herpetological Review 24:150.
      Greenberg, B. (1943) "Social Behavior of the Western Banded Gecko, Coleonyx variegatus Baird." Physiological Zoology 16:110-22.
      Hansen, R. M. (1950) "Sexual Behavior in Two Male Gopher Snakes." Herpetologica 6:120.
      Jenssen, T. A., and E. A. Hovde (1993) "Anolis carolinensis (Green Anole). Social Pathology." Herpetological Review 24:58-59.
      Kaufmann, J. H. (1992) "The Social Behavior of Wood Turtles, Clemmys insculpta, in Central Pennsylvania." Herpetological Monographs 6:1-25.
      Klauber, L. M. (1972) Rattlesnakes: Their Habits, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press.
      Liu, Ch'eng-Chao (1931) "Sexual Behavior in the Siberian Toad, Bufo raddei and the Pond Frog, Rana ni-gromaculata." Peking Natural History Bulletin 6:43-60.
      Mason, R. T. (1993) "Chemical Ecology of the Red-Sided Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis." Brain Behavior and Evolution 41:261-68.
      Mason, R. T., and D. Crews (1985) "Female Mimicry in Garter Snakes." Nature 316:59-60.
      Mason, R. T., H. M. Fales, T. H. Jones, L. K. Pannell, J. W. Chinn, and D. Crews (1989) "Sex Pheromones in Snakes." Science 245:290-93.
      McCoid, M. J., and R. A. Hensley (1991) "Pseudocopulation in Lepidodactylus lugubris." Herpetological Review 22:8-9.
      Moehn, L. D. (1986) "Pseudocopulation in Eumeces laticeps." Herpetological Review 17:40-41.
      Moore, M. C., J. M. Whittier, A. J. Billy, and D. Crews (1985) "Male-like Behavior in an All-Female Lizard: Relationship to Ovarian Cycle." Animal Behavior 33:284-89.
      Mount, R. H. (1963) "The Natural History of the Red-Tailed Skink, Eumeces egregius Baird." American Midland Naturalist 70:356-85.
      Niblick, H. A., D. C. Rostal, and T. Classen (1994) "Role of Male-Male Interactions and Female Choice in the Mating System of the Desert Tortoise, Gopherus agassizii." Herpetological Monographs 8:124-32.
      Noble, G. K. (1937) "The Sense Organs Involved in the Courtship of Storeria, Thamnophis, and Other Snakes." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 73:673-725.
      Noble, G. K., and H. T. Bradley (1933) "The Mating Behavior of Lizards; Its Bearing on the Theory of Sexual Selection." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 35:25-100.
      Organ, J. A. (1958) "Courtship and Spermatophore of Plethodon jordani metcalfi" Copeia 1958:251-59.
      Paulissen, M. A., and J. M. Walker (1989) "Pseudocopulation in the Parthenogenetic Whiptail Lizard Cneimidophorous laredoensis (Teiidae)." Southwestern Naturalist 34:296-98.
      Shaw, C. E. (1951) "Male Combat in American Colubrid Snakes With Remarks on Combat in Other Colubrid and Elapid Snakes." Herpetologica 7:149-68.
      --- (1948) "The Male Combat 'Dance' of Some Crotalid Snakes." Herpetologica 4:137-45.
      Tinkle, D. W. (1967) The Life and Demography of the Side-blotched Lizard, Uta stansburiana. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, no. 132. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
      Trivers, R. L. (1976) "Sexual Selection and Resource-Accruing Abilities in Anolis garmani." Evolution 30:253-69.
      Verrell, P., and A. Donovan (1991) "Male-Male Aggression in the Plethodontid Salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeus." Journal of Zoology 223:203-12.
      Werner, Y. L. (1980) "Apparent Homosexual Behavior in an All-Female Population of a Lizard, Lepidodactylus lugubris and Its Probable Interpretation." Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 54:144-50.

      Fishes
Aronson, L. R. (1948) "Problems in the Behavior and Physiology of a Species of African Mouthbreeding Fish." Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 2:33-42.
      Barlow, G. W. (1967) "Social Behavior of a South American Leaf Fish, Polycentrus schomburgkii, with an Account of Recurring Pseudofemale Behavior." American Midland Naturalist 78:215-34.
      Carranza, J., and H. E. Winn (1954) "Reproductive Behavior of the Blackstripe Topminnow, Fundulus notatus." Copeia 4:273-78.
      Dobler, M., 1. Schlupp, and J. Parzefall (1997) "Changes in Mate Choice with Spontaneous Masculinization in Poecilia formosa." In M. Taborsky and B. Taborsky, eds., Contributions to the XXV International Ethological Conference, p. 204. Advances in Ethology no. 32. Berlin: Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag.
      Dominey, W. J. (1980) "Female Mimicry in Male Bluegill Sunfish — a Genetic Polymorphism?" Nature 284:546-48. {665}
      Duyvene de Wit, J. J. (1955) "Some Observations on the European Bitterling (Rhodeus amarus)." South African Journal of Science 51:249-51.
      Fabricius, E. (1953) "Aquarium Observations on the Spawning Behavior of the Char, Salmo alpinus." Institute of Freshwater Research, Drottningholm, report 35:14-48.
      Fabricius, E., and K.-J. Gustafson (1955) Observations on the Spawning Behavior of the Grayling, Thymallus thymallus (L.)." Institute of Freshwater Research, Drottningholm, report 36:75-103.
      --- (1954) "Further Aquarium Observations on the Spawning Behavior of the Char, Salmo alpinus L." Institute of Freshwater Research, Drottningholm, report 35:58-104.
      Fabricius, E., and A. Lindroth (1954) "Experimental Observations on the Spawning of the Whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus L., in the Stream Aquarium of the Holle Laboratory at River Indalsalven." Institute of Freshwater Research, Drottningholm, report 35:105-12.
      Greenberg, B. (1961) "Spawning and Parental Behavior in Female Pairs of the Jewel Fish, Hemichromis bi-maculatus Gill." Behavior 18:44-61.
      Morris, D. (1952) "Homosexuality in the Ten-Spined Stickleback." Behavior 4:233-61.
      Petravicz, J. J. (1936) "The Breeding Habits of the Least Darter, Microperca punctulata Putnam." Copeia 1936:77-82.
      Schlosberg, H., M. C. Duncan, and B. Daitch (1949) "Mating Behavior of Two Live-bearing Fish Xiphophorous helleri and Platypoecilus maculatus." Physiological Zoology 22:148-61.
      Schlupp, I., J. Parzefall, J. T. Epplen, I. Nanda, M. Schmid, and M. Schartl (1992) "Pseudomale Behavior and Spontaneous Masculinization in the All-Female Teleost Poecilia formosa (Teleostei: Poeciliidae)." Behavior 122:88-104.

      Insects
      Aiken, R. B. (1981) "The Relationship Between Body Weight and Homosexual Mounting in Palmacorixa nana Walley (Heteroptera: Corixidae)." Florida Entomologist 64:267-71.
      Alcock, J. (1993) "Male Mate-Locating Behavior in Two Australian Butterflies, Anaphaeis java teutonia (Fabricius) (Pieridae) and Acraea andromacha andromacha (Fabricius) (Nymphalidae)." Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 32:1-7.
      Alcock, J., and S. L. Buchmann (1985) "The Significance of Post-Insemination Display by Males of Centris pallida (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae)." Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 68:231-43.
      Alexander, R. D. (1961) "Aggressiveness, Territoriality, and Sexual Behavior in Field Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)." Behavior 17:130-223.
      Allsopp, P. G., and T. A. Morgan (1991) "Male-Male Copulation in Antitrogus consanguineus (Blackburn) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)." Australian Entomological Magazine18(4):147-48.
      Anderson, J. R., A. C. Nilssen, and I. Folstad (1994) "Mating Behavior and Thermoregulation of the Reindeer Warble Fly, Hypoderma tarandi L. (Diptera: Oestridae)." Journal of Insect Behavior 7:679-706.
      Arita, L. H., and K. Y. Kaneshiro (1983) "Pseudomale Courtship Behavior of the Female Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)." Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 24:205-10.
      Barrows, E. M., and G. Gordh (1978) "Sexual Behavior in the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica, and Comparative Notes on Sexual Behavior of Other Scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)." Behavioral Biology 23:341-54.
      Barth, R. H., Jr. (1964) "Mating Behavior of Byrsotria fumigata (Guerin) (Blattidae, Blaberinea)." Behavior 23:1-30.
      Bennett, G. (1974) "Mating Behavior of the Rosechafer in Northern Michigan (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)." Coleopterists Bulletin 28:167-68.
      Benz, G. (1973) "Role of Sex Pheromone and Its Insignificance for Heterosexual and Homosexual Behavior of Larch Bud Moth." Experientia 29:553-54.
      Berlese, A. (1909) Gli insetti: loro organizzazione, sviluppo, abitudini, e rapporti coll'uomo. Vol. 2 (Vita e cos-tumi). Milano: Societa Editrice Libraria.
      Bologna, M. A., and C. Marangoni (1986) "Sexual Behavior in Some Palaearctic Species of Meloe (Coleoptera, Meloidae)." Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana 118(4-7):65-82.
      Bristowe, W. S. (1929) "The Mating Habits of Spiders with Special Reference to the Problems Surrounding Sex Dimorphism." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1929:309-58.
      Brower, L. P., J. V. Z. Brower, and F. P. Cranston (1965) "Courtship Behavior of the Queen Butterfly, Danaus gilippus berenice (Cramer)." Zoologica 50:1-39.
      Cane, J. H. (1994) "Nesting Biology and Mating Behavior of the Southeastern Blueberry Bee, Habropoda laboriosa (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 67:236-41. {666}
      Carayon, J. (1974) "Insemination traumatique heterosexuelle et homosexuelle chez Xylocoris maculipennis (Hem. Anthocoridae)." Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie D — Sciences naturelles 278:2803-6.
      --- (1966) "Les inseminations traumatiques accidentelles chez certains Hemipteres Cimicoidea." Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie D — Sciences naturelles 262:2176-79.
      Castro, L., M. A. Toro, and C. Fanjul-Lopez (1994) "The Genetic Properties of Homosexual Copulation Behavior in Tribolium castaneum: Artificial Selection." Genetics Selection Evolution (Paris) 26:361-67.
      Constanz, G. (1973) "The Mating Behavior of a Creeping Water Bug, Ambrysus occidentalis (Hemiptera: Naucoridae)." American Midland Naturalist 92:230-39.
      Cook, R. (1975) "'Lesbian' Phenotype of Drosophila melanogaster?" Nature 254:241-42.
      David, W. A. L., and B. O. C. Gardiner (1961) "The Mating Behavior of Pieris brassicae (L.) in a Laboratory Culture." Bulletin of Entomological Research 52:263-80.
      Dunkle, S. W. (1991) "Head Damage from Mating Attempts in Dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera)." Entomological News 102:37-41.
      Dyte, C. E. (1989) "Gay Courtship in Medetera." Empid and Dolichopodid Study Group Newsheet 6:2-3.
      Field, S. A., and M. A. Keller (1993) "Alternative Mating Tactics and Female Mimicry as Post-Copulatory Mate-Guarding Behavior in the Parasitic Wasp Cotesia rubecula." Animal Behavior 46:1183-89.
      Finley, K. D., B. J. Taylor, M. Milstein, and M. McKeown (1997) "dissatisfaction, a Gene Involved in Sex-Specific Behavior and Neural Development of Drosophila melanogaster." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94:913-18.
      Fleming, W. E. (1972) Biology of the Japanese Beetle. U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin no. 1449. Washington, D.C.: Agricultural Research Service.
      Fletcher, L. W., J. J. O'Grady Jr., H. V. Claborn, and O. H. Graham (1966) "A Pheromone from Male Screwworm Flies." Journal of Economic Entomology 59:142-43.
      Forsyth, A., and J. Alcock (1990) "Female Mimicry and Resource Defense Polygyny by Males of a Tropical Rove Beetle, Leistotrophus versicolor (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 26:325-30.
      Gadeau de Kerville, H. (1896) "Perversion sexuelle chez des Coleopteres males." Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 1896:85-87.
      Gill, K. S. (1963) "A Mutation Causing Abnormal Courtship and Mating Behavior in Males of Drosophila melanogaster." American Zoologist 3:507.
      Hanks, L. M., J. G. Millar, and T. D. Paine (1996) "Mating Behavior of the Eucalyptus Longhorned Borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and the Adaptive Significance of Long 'Horns.' " Journal of Insect Behavior 9:383-93.
      Harari, A. R. (1997) "Mating Strategies of Female Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.)." In M. Taborsky and B. Taborsky, eds., Contributions to the XXV International Ethological Conference, p. 222. Advances in Ethology no. 32. Berlin: Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag.
      Harris, V. E., and J. W. Todd (1980) "Temporal and Numerical Patterns of Reproductive Behavior in the Southern Green Stinkbug, Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)." Entomologia Experimentalis etApplicata 27:105-16.
      Hayes, W. P. (1927) "Congeneric and Intergeneric Pederasty in the Scarabaeidae (Coleop.)." Entomological News 38:216-18.
      Heatwole, H., D. M. Davis, and A. M. Wenner (1962) "The Behavior of Megarhyssa, a Genus of Parasitic Hymenopterans (Ichneumonidae: Ephilatinae)." Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 19:652-64.
      Henry, C. (1979) "Acoustical Communication During Courtship and Mating in the Green Lacewing, Chrysopa carnea (Neuroptera; Chrysopidae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 72:68-79.
      Humphries, D. A. (1967) "The Mating Behavior of the Hen Flea Ceratophyllus gallinae (Schrank) (Siphonaptera: Insecta)." Animal Behavior 15:82-90.
      Iwabuchi, K. (1987) "Mating Behavior of Xylotrechus pyrrhoderus Bates (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). 5. Female Mounting Behavior." Journal of Ethology 5:131-36.
      Laboulmene, A. (1859) "Examen anatomique de deux Melolontha vulgaris trouves accouples et paraissant du sexe male." Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 1859:567-70.
      LeCato, G. L., III, and R. L. Pienkowski (1970) "Laboratory Mating Behavior of the Alfalfa Weevil, Hypera postica." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 63:1000-7.
      Leong, K. L. H. (1995) "Initiation of Mating Activity at the Tree Canopy Level Among Overwintering Monarch Butterflies in California." Pan-Pacific Entomologist 71:66-68. {667}
      Leong, K. L. H., E. O'Brien, K. Lowerisen, and M. Colleran (1995) "Mating Activity and Status of Overwintering Monarch Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in Central California." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 88:45-50.
      Loher, W., and H. T. Gordon (1968) "The Maturation of Sexual Behavior in a New Strain of the Large Milkweed Bug Oncopeltus fasciatus." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 61:1566-72.
      Mathieu, J. (1967) "Mating Behavior of Five Species of Lucanidae (Coleoptera: Insecta)." American Zoologist 7:206.
      Matthiesen, F. A. (1990) "Comportamento sexuale outros aspectos biologicos da barata selvagem, Petasodes dominicana Burmeister, 1839 (Dictyoptera, Blaberidae, Blaberinae)." Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 34(2):261-66.
      Maze, A. (1884) "Communication." Journal officiel de la Republique francaise 2:2103.
      McRobert, S., and L. Tompkins (1988) "Two Consequences of Homosexual Courtship Performed by Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila affinis Males." Evolution 42:1093-97.
      --- (1983) "Courtship of Young Males Is Ubiquitous in Drosophila melanogaster." Behavior Genetics 13:517-23.
      Mika, G. (1959) "Uber das Paarungsverhalten der Wanderheuschrecke Locusta migratoria R. und F. und deren Abhangigkeit vom Zustand der inneren Geschlechtsorgane." Zoologische Beitrage 4:153-203.
      Nakamura, H. (1969) "Comparative Studies on the Mating Behavior of Two Species of Callosobruchus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)." Japanese Journal of Ecology 19:20-26.
      Napolitano, L. M., and L. Tompkins (1989) "Neural Control of Homosexual Courtship in Drosophila melanogaster." Journal of Neurogenetics 6:87-94.
      Noel, P. (1895) "Accouplements anormaux chez les insectes." Miscellanea entomologica 1:114.
      Obara, Y. (1970) "Studies on the Mating Behavior of the White Cabbage Butterfly, Pieris rapae crucivora Boisduval. III. Near-Ultra-Violet Reflection as the Signal of Intraspecific Communication." Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Physiologie 69:99-116.
      Obara, Y., and T. Hidaka (1964) "Mating Behavior of the Cabbage White, Pieris rapae crucivora. I. The 'Flutter Response' of the Resting Male to Flying Males." Zoological Magazine (Dobutsugaku Zasshi) 73:131-35.
      O'Neill, K. M. (1994) "The Male Mating Strategy of the Ant Formica subpolita Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Swarming, Mating, and Predation Risk." Psyche 101:93-108.
      Palaniswamy, P., W. D. Seabrook, and R. Ross (1979) "Precopulatory Behavior of Males and Perception of Potential Male Pheromone in Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 72:544-51.
      Pardi, L. (1987) "La 'pseudocopula' delle femmine di Otiorrhynchus pupillatus cyclophtalmus (Sol.) (Coleoptera Curculionidae)." Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia "Guido Grandi" della Universita degli Studi di Bologna 41:355-63.
      Parker, G. A. (1968) "The Sexual Behavior of the Blowfly, Protophormia terraenovae R.-D." Behavior 32:291-308.
      Peschke, K. (1987) "Male Aggression, Female Mimicry and Female Choice in the Rove Beetle, Aleochara curtula (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)." Ethology 75:265-84.
      Pinto, J. D., and R. B. Selander (1970) The Bionomics of Blister Beetles of the Genus Meloe and a Classification of the New World Species. University of Illinois Biological Monographs no. 42. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
      Piper, G. L. (1976) "Bionomics of Euarestoides acutangulus (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 69:381-86.
      Prokopy, R. J., and J. Hendrichs (1979) "Mating Behavior of Ceratitis capitata on a Field-Caged Host Tree." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 72:642-48.
      Qvick, U. (1984) "A Case of Abnormal Mating Behavior of Dolichopus popularis Wied. (Diptera, Dolichopodidae)." Notulae Entomologicae 64:93.
      Rich, E. (1989) "Homosexual Behavior in Three Melanic Mutants of Tribolium castaneum." Tribolium Information Bulletin 29:99-101.
      Rocha, I. R. D. (1991) "Relationship Between Homosexuality and Dominance in the Cockroaches, Nauphoeta cinerea and Henchoustedenia flexivitta (Dictyoptera, Blaberidae)." Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 35(1):1-8.
      Rothschild, M. (1978) "Hell's Angels." Antenna 2:38-39.
      Sanders, C. J. (1975) "Factors Affecting Adult Emergence and Mating Behavior of the Eastern Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Totricidae)." Canadian Entomologist 107:967-77. {668}
      Schaner, A. M., P. D. Dixon, K. J. Graham, and L. L. Jackson (1989) "Components of the Courtship-Stimulating Pheromone Blend of Young Male Drosophila melanogaster: (Z)-13-tritriacontene and (Z)-11-tritriacontene." Journal of Insect Physiology 35:341-45.
      Schlein, Y., R. Galun, and M. N. Ben-Eliahu (1981) "Abstinons: Male-Produced Deterrents of Mating in Flies." Journal of Chemical Ecology 7:285-90.
      Schmieder-Wenzel, C., and G. Schruft (1990) "Courtship Behavior of the European Grape Berry Moth, Eu-poecilia ambiguella Hb. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in Regard to Pheromonal and Tactile Stimuli." Journal of Applied Entomology 109:341-46.
      Serrano, J. M., L. Castro, M. A. Torro, and C. Lopez-Fanjul (1991) "The Genetic Properties of Homosexual Copulation Behavior in Tribolium castaneum: Diallel Analysis." Behavior Genetics 21:547-58.
      Shah, N. K., M. C. Singer, and D. R. Syna (1986) "Occurrence of Homosexual Mating Pairs in a Checkerspot Butterfly." Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 24:393.
      Shapiro, A. M. (1989) "Homosexual Pseudocopulation in Eucheira socialis (Pieridae)." Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 27:262.
      Simon, D., and R. H. Barth (1977) "Sexual Behavior in the Cockroach Genera Periplaneta and Blatta. I. Descriptive Aspects. II. Sex Pheromones and Behavioral Responses." Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 44:80-107, 162-77.
      Spence, J. R., and R. S. Wilcox (1986) "The Mating System of Two Hybridizing Species of Water Striders (Gerridae)." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 19:87-95.
      Spratt, E. C. (1980) "Male Homosexual Behavior and Other Factors Influencing Adult Longevity in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and T. confusum Duval." Journal of Stored Products Research 16:109-14.
      Syrajamaki, J. (1964) "Swarming and Mating Behavior of Allochironomus crassiforceps Kieff. (Dipt., Chironomidae)." Annales Zoologici Fennici 1:125-45.
      Tauber, M. J. (1968) "Biology, Behavior, and Emergence Rhythm of Two Species of Fannia (Diptera: Muscidae)." University of California Publications in Entomology 50:1-86.
      Tauber, M. J., and C. Toschi (1965) "Bionomics of Euleia fratria (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae). I. Life History and Mating Behavior." Canadian Journal of Zoology 43:369-79.
      Tennent, W. J. (1987) "A Note on the Apparent Lowering of Moral Standards in the Lepidoptera." Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 99:81-83.
      Tilden, J. W. (1981) "Attempted Mating Between Male Monarchs." Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 18:2.
      Tompkins, L. (1989) "Homosexual Courtship in Drosophila." MBL (Marine Biology Laboratory) Lectures in Biology (Woods Hole) 10:229-48.
      Urquhart, F. (1987) The Monarch Butterfly: International Traveler. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
      --- (1960) The Monarch Butterfly. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
      Utzeri, C., and C. Belfiore (1990) "Tandem anomali fra Odonati (Odonata)." Fragmenta Entomologica 22:271-87.
      Vaias, L. J., L. M. Napolitano, and L. Tomkins (1993) "Identification of Stimuli that Mediate Experience-Dependent Modification of Homosexual Courtship in Drosphila melanogaster." Behavior Genetics 23:91-97.

      Spiders and Other Invertebrates
      Abele, L. G., and S. Gilchrist (1977) "Homosexual Rape and Sexual Selection in Acanthocephalan Worms." Science 197:81-83.
      Bristowe, W. S. (1939) The Comity of Spiders. London: Ray Society.
      --- (1929) "The Mating Habits of Spiders with Special Reference to the Problems Surrounding Sex Dimorphism." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1929:309-58.
      Gillespie, R. G. (1991) "Homosexual Mating Behavior in Male Doryonychus raptor (Araneae, Tetragnathi-dae)." Journal of Arachnology 19:229-30.
      Jackson, R. R. (1982) "The Biology of Portia fimbriata, a Web-building Jumping Spider (Araneae, Saltici-dae) from Queensland: Intraspecific Interactions." Journal of Zoology, London 196:295-305.
      Kazmi, Q. B., and N. M. Tirmizi (1987) "An Unusual Behavior in Box Crabs (Decapoda, Brachyura, Calap-pidae)." Crustaceana 53:313-14.
      Lutz, R. A., and J. R. Voight (1994) "Close Encounter in the Deep." Nature 371:563.
      Mirsky, S. (1995) "Armed and Amorous." Wildlife Conservation 98(6):72.
      Sturm, H. (1992) "Mating Behavior and Sexual Dimorphism in Promesomachilis hispanica Silvestri, 1923 (Machilidae, Archaeognatha, Insecta)." Zoologischer Anzeiger 228:60-73.
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      Domesticated Animals
      Aronson, L. R. (1949) "Behavior Resembling Spontaneous Emissions in the Domestic Cat." Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 42:226-27.
      Banks, E. M. (1964) "Some Aspects of Sexual Behavior in Domestic Sheep, Ovis aries." Behavior 23:249-79.
      Beach, F. A. (1971) "Hormonal Factors Controlling the Differentiation, Development, and Display of Copulatory Behavior in the Hamster and Related Species." In E. Tobach, L. R. Aronson, and E. Shaw, eds., The Biopsychology of Development, pp. 249-96. New York: Academic Press.
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